Corporations: Raising Capital and Distributing Profits

Corporations are treated by the law as legal entities. That means the corporation has a life separate from its owners, and has rights and duties of its own. The owners of a corporation are known as stockholders, or shareholders. A corporation can have one or many shareholders. Corporations are typically managed by directors or officers, who [...]

LLC: Taxes, Liability, and IRS Elections Made Simple

A limited liability company, or LLC, is a business structure created under state law that is separate from its owners, who are called members. In most cases, LLC members are not personally responsible for the business's debts and liabilities for federal tax purposes. An LLC can be treated in different ways, depending on the number of [...]

Partnerships: Taxes, Liability, and How They Work

A partnership is when two or more people come together to run a business and share in the profits and losses. Each partner may contribute money, property, or services to the business, and then share in any profits or losses. In a partnership, power is shared between the partners. Partners usually have unlimited liability, unless an [...]

Is That Activity Just a Hobby or a Business?

This article was published by the IRS. Many people have hobbies - things they enjoy doing in their spare time - and some even make a little extra money from them. However, there’s a difference between a hobby and a business, especially how each is treated when it comes to filing taxes. Businesses operate to make [...]

Elimination of the Penny – Effect on the Collection of Sales Tax

This article was published by the MA Department of Revenue. I. Introduction The U.S. Treasury minted the last penny on November 12, 2025. Nevertheless, a penny remains legal tender. As a result, vendors may be experiencing a penny shortage, and they have begun rounding to the nickel to make change. This Directive provides guidance to vendors [...]

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